I have no problems with Mathematica 10.2 or 11.1 on Windows 10.
Perhaps there's a problem with your fonts? Fonts and BSOD are a good match..
Do you have the same issue when you use the below command that's generated by the suggestion bar?
Show[plot,
FrameLabel -> {{RawBoxes[
RowBox[{" ", RowBox[{"\[Alpha]", ",", " ", "\[Beta]"}]}]],
None}, {HoldForm[Temperature K], None}},
PlotLabel ->
RawBoxes[RowBox[{RowBox[{"Temperature", " ",
RowBox[{"vs", ".", " ", "\[Alpha]"}]}], ",", " ", "\[Beta]"}]],
LabelStyle -> {GrayLevel[0], Bold, Italic}]