I'm not 100% sure I got it but it seems you don't want a private stylesheet but a custom stylesheet shared for many notebooks. Private stylesheet is private to given notebook, it is a part of it. If you want many notebooks to use the same one, then you need to create a new one (can be private too), install it and set it as a stylesheet for desired notebooks. (programmatically via SetOptions+StyleDefinitions, or via menu/options inspector etc).
About stylesheet installation see
http://reference.wolfram.com/language/howto/InstallAStylesheet.html
If you want a custom stylesheet to be used as your default one:
https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/q/132349/5478
Notice that in both those methods the stylesheet is linked so it will not work if you give your calculation notebook to anyone without your stylesheet. You could create a standalone versions by doing SetOptions[calcNb, StyleDefinitions -> Notebook[...]]
where Notebook[...]
is imported content of your stylesheet.
Am I on a right track?