Sure, just install some version of them that are friendly to your operating system, e.g. https://fontlibrary.org/en/font/euler-otf, then change the font as you normally would.
As usual with Mathematica, math typesetting will suffer somewhat if you change the fonts to something non-standard.
If you only want to use it for figure labels, I suggest MaTeX.
MaTeX["\\int x \\; dx = \\frac{x}{2} + \\mathcal{C}",
"Preamble" -> {"\\usepackage{eulervm}"}]
MaTeX is not suitable for writing documents in a different font. It is meant only for creating short labels to be used in graphics/figures.
