Hi,
it appears that in principle the thing works, e.g.
Module[{\[Lambda]0 = Quantity[850 10^-9, "Meters"], \[Sigma] =
Quantity[32 10^-9, "Meters"],
g0 = Quantity[50 10^-2, ("Meters")^-1], \[Alpha] =
Quantity[32.2 10^-2, ("Meters")^-1]},
pts = NSolve[
g0 E^(-(\[Lambda] - \[Lambda]0)^2/(2 \[Sigma]^2)) ==
Quantity[1, "Meters"^-1], {\[Lambda]}]]
I think that your input is a bit difficult to understand. Take
NSolve[g0 E^(-(\[Lambda] - \[Lambda]0)^2/(2 \[Sigma]^2)) && \[Alpha]t == 0, {\[Lambda]}]]
The first bit
g0 E^(-(\[Lambda] - \[Lambda]0)^2/(2 \[Sigma]^2))
is not an equation at all. The second bit
\[Alpha]t == 0
seems to be an impossible requirement as you have defined
\[Alpha]t = Quantity[32.2 10^-2, ("Meters")^-1]
a bit earlier. So both the magnitude and the units do not match. Remember that 0 has no unit in your equation!, i.e. 0 is not the same as Quantity[0,"Meters"^-1].
The units must be consistent in your equations or Mathematica runs in to trouble.
Cheers,
Marco