One possible way
dir = FileNameJoin[{$InstallationDirectory, "SystemFiles", "FrontEnd",
"SystemResources", "FunctionalFrequency", "OptionValues"}];
file = FileNameJoin[{dir, "Plot.m"}];
opt = (PlotTheme /. ReadList[file])[[1, All, 1]]
gives
{"Web", "Minimal", "Detailed", "Business", "Marketing",
"Scientific", "Monochrome", "Classic", "Default"}