Here is how to do it on Windows without an SSH connection. In the Kernel Configuration dialog, first set Basic Options to Launch on: Local Machine. This is critical as otherwise the FrontEnd will try to make an SSH connection which will fail in Windows. The other boxes in the basic section can contain anything. Then click on Advanced Options: the following code goes in the Arguments to MLOpen: box.
-LinkMode Connect -LinkProtocol TCPIP -LinkName "8000@192.168.0.2,8001@192.168.0.2"
The machine ip address and ports will be specific to the installation, but I will show how to set them up. All the other boxes in this section are left blank. You can close the dialog. Before trying to log on to a kernel, first it must be launched.
Go to the remote machine, in some versions of Windows this can be done with RemoteDeskTop. Launch math.exe and type or paste the following code into it; it can also be loaded with a script:
$ParentLink=LinkCreate["8000,8001", LinkProtocol -> "TCPIP"]
If you don't know what machine address it is going to put out then first assign the link to a dummy variable and see the result. Once you set $ParentLink to the port link, you will lose control of the window and the kernel. Do not close the window as this keeps the remote kernel running. Now go back to the local machine and from the Evaluation menu start the kernel you set up. You should get a message in the Message window with the LinkObject and you should be connected. If you checked the box to append the kernel name to the in and out, you will be able to see which kernel you are using. Once you close the kernel or quit Mathematica the remote kernel will go down and have to be restarted.
The remote kernel can also be launched with the following code in a .bat file
"c:\program files\wolfram research\mathematica\9.0\math" -mathlink -linkcreate -linkprotocol TCPIP -linkname "8000,8001"
where the first address is the location of the file math.exe on the remote computer. The example shows this on a LAN behind a firewall, it would not be secure over the internet.
There is more information here on connecting via SSH, but I haven't yet made it work:
http://reference.wolfram.com/legacy/applications/parallel/Configuration/Windows.html