In the equation you are using curly braces {} where I would expect to see parentheses (). In Mathematica syntax curly braces {} are used to delimit lists, not to signal the order of algebraic operations. In your case this is not causing problems. I made a few attempts to get a full symbolic solution, but did not get any. However, with ContourPlot
you get an idea of the set of solutions, which seems the union of one-dimensional curves:
ContourPlot[
ReIm[(\[Alpha] + \[Gamma])^2 ((\[Alpha] + \[Beta])^2 E^(2 I (k (a -
b) - p a)) - (\[Alpha] - \[Beta])^2 E^(-2 I (k (a -
b) - p a))) + (\[Alpha] - \[Gamma])^2 ((\[Alpha] - \
\[Beta])^2 E^(-2 I (k (a - b) +
p a)) - (\[Alpha] + \[Beta])^2 E^(2 I (k (a - b) +
p a))) -
2 (\[Alpha]^2 - \[Beta]^2) (\[Alpha]^2 - \[Gamma]^2) (E^(2 I (p \
a)) - E^(-2 I (p a)))] == {0, 0},
{va, 0, 50000}, {c, 30000, 70000}, PlotPoints -> 500]
With FindRoot
you can close in on some points.