You can use Simplify:
Simplify[Integrate[(2 x^2)/a Sin[n*Pi*x/a]^2, {x, 0, a}],
Element[n, Integers]]
or Assuming:
Assuming[Element[n, Integers],
Integrate[(2 x^2)/a Sin[n*Pi*x/a]^2, {x, 0, a}]]
Assumptions inside Integrate has no particular effect:
Integrate[(2 x^2)/a Sin[n*Pi*x/a]^2, {x, 0, a},
Assumptions -> Element[n, Integers]]