I should prepare some paper for a colloquium (kinda student-task) and it should cover the following points:

(1) at least one notable discovery in theoretical informatics (or computer science)

(2) at least one open problems in theoretical informatics

(3) an example of short notable proof of some result in theoretical informatics

I would like that it was related to computational linguistics. I have some basic knownledge (2 year cs student) but I don't know from what I should start to explore these questions.

Can you draw some examples of it? Or some sources?

Thank you