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2D cellular automaton majority classifier on 4 symbols

Posted 3 years ago

The GKL Cellular Automaton can be defined by a 32-digit hexadecimal code (Table 4.1), which determines a 128-digit binary genome on change of base:

FromHexCode[gen_] := PadLeft[IntegerDigits[FromDigits[ToExpression[
     Characters[gen] /. {"f" -> 15, "e" -> 14, "d" -> 13, "c" -> 12, 
       "b" -> 11, "a" -> 10}], 16], 2], 128]
GKLHex="005f005f005f005f005fff5f005fff5f";
GKLBin=FromHexCode[GKLHex]; 

The binary genome satisfies an interesting invariant transformation property, which reveals inherent parity+inversion symmetry:

SortTup = Tuples[{0, 1}, 7];
InverseParity = Flatten[Position[SortTup, 
           Reverse[#] /. {0 -> 1, 1 -> 0}] & /@ SortTup];
SymCheck[gen_]:= Tally[Subtract[gen, gen[[InverseParity]] /. {0 -> 1, 1 -> 0}]]
SymCheck@GKLBin
Out[]:={{0, 128}}

A more direct definition is given in terms of a linear functional acting on 128 of the 7-digit vectors which form the rule space:

GKLBin2 = With[{LF = {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1}},
  Sign[If[#[[4]] == 1, LF.#,
       Reverse[LF].#] & /@ (SortTup /. {0 -> -1})] /. {-1 -> 0}]
SameQ[GKLBin, GKLBin2]
Out[]:=True

According to the definition by linear functional, the symmetry property is guaranteed. After reversing all rule vectors and fliping their bits, and after applying the same two linear functionals, the sign of the output value must also flip. This is true for any chosen linear functional, and there are other known good examples, mentioned elsewhere.

The parity+inversion transformation property suggests an analogy that allows us to formulate a good majority classifier in two dimensions. Going from Parity symmetry, to cyclic C4 symmetry, suggests that we use four symbols rather than 2. Here is a basic definition of the Linear Functional (actually it's slightly more complicated than that, so read the code):

RuleTable[gen_] := With[{ind = Flatten[Position[gen, 1]]}, {
    {0, n_, w_, s_, e_, ne_, nw_, sw_, se_} :> 
     With[{com = Commonest[{0, n, w, s, e, ne, nw, sw, se}[[ind]] ]}, 
      If[Length[com] == 1, com[[1]], 0]],
    {1, n_, w_, s_, e_, ne_, nw_, sw_, se_} :> 
     With[{com = Commonest[{1, w, s, e, n, nw, sw, se, ne}[[ind]] ]}, 
      If[Length[com] == 1, com[[1]], 1]],
    {2, n_, w_, s_, e_, ne_, nw_, sw_, se_} :> 
     With[{com = Commonest[{2, s, e, n, w, sw, se, ne, nw}[[ind]] ]}, 
      If[Length[com] == 1, com[[1]], 2]],
    {3, n_, w_, s_, e_, ne_, nw_, sw_, se_} :> 
     With[{com = Commonest[{3, e, n, w, s, se, ne, nw, sw}[[ind]] ]}, 
      If[Length[com] == 1, com[[1]], 3]]
    }];

RuleDepict[gen_] :=  ArrayPlot[
  ReplaceAll[gen, {c_, n_, w_, s_, e_, ne_, nw_, sw_, se_} :> {
     {nw, n, ne}, {w, c, e}, {sw, s, se}}], ImageSize -> 50]

C4Classifier = {0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1};
RuleDepict[C4Classifier]

rule

With a few more functions we can make interesting animations:

RandInit[n_] := Partition[RandomSample[Flatten[
    MapIndexed[Table[#2 - 1, -Subtract @@ #1] &,
     Partition[Append[Prepend[Sort@RandomSample[
          N[1 - (2 Range[n^2]/n^2 - 1)^2] -> Range[n^2]
          , 3], 0], n^2], 2, 1], 1]]], n]

Update2D[RT_, init_] := With[{len = Length@init},
  Table[{init[[i, j]],
     init[[i, Mod[j + 1, len] /. {0 -> len} ]],
     init[[Mod[i - 1, len] /. {0 -> len}, j ]],
     init[[i, Mod[j - 1, len] /. {0 -> len} ]],
     init[[Mod[i + 1, len] /. {0 -> len}, j ]],
     init[[Mod[i + 1, len] /. {0 -> len} , 
      Mod[j + 1, len] /. {0 -> len} ]],
     init[[Mod[i - 1, len] /. {0 -> len} , 
      Mod[j + 1, len] /. {0 -> len} ]],
     init[[Mod[i - 1, len] /. {0 -> len} , 
      Mod[j - 1, len] /. {0 -> len} ]],
     init[[Mod[i + 1, len] /. {0 -> len} , 
      Mod[j - 1, len] /. {0 -> len} ]]
     } /. RT, {i, 1, len}, {j, 1, len} ]]

    Fitness[gen_, inits_] := Total[Map[
       If[Count[Flatten@Evo[gen, #, (Length@inits[[1]])^2][[-1]],
           Commonest[Flatten@#][[1]] ] == (Length@inits[[1]])^2, 1, 0] &,
       inits]]

Evo[gen_, init_, ngen_] := 
 NestWhileList[Update2D[RuleTable[gen], #] &, init, UnsameQ, All, ngen]

Depict[cond_] := 
 ArrayPlot[cond, 
  ColorRules -> {0 -> White, 1 -> Red, 2 -> Blue, 3 -> Green}]

Now for the fun part:

dat = Evo[C4Classifier, RandInit[50], 50^2];
Commonest[Flatten[dat[[1]]]] == Union[Flatten[dat[[-1]]]]
ListAnimate[Depict /@ dat]

Complex 1

Complex 2

Complex 3

Complex 4

Complex 5

There are some obvious similarities to 1D-GKL classifier, so perhaps in the future more analysis will be done to characterize behavior and possibly find better classifiers. The space of possibilities is immensely huge, so genetic algorithms will need some intelligence when searching.

POSTED BY: Brad Klee
2 Replies

enter image description here -- you have earned Featured Contributor Badge enter image description here Your exceptional post has been selected for our editorial column Staff Picks http://wolfr.am/StaffPicks and Your Profile is now distinguished by a Featured Contributor Badge and is displayed on the Featured Contributor Board. Thank you!

POSTED BY: EDITORIAL BOARD

Thanks! But I wish I had set the following flag on image export:

"AnimationRepetitions" -> \[Infinity]

Loop1

Loop2

Loop3

Loop4

Loop5

Loop6

POSTED BY: Brad Klee
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