Hi Mitchell
Forecast data is only available for dates in the future (hence forecast).
WeatherForecastData[Entity["City", {"Cairo", "Cairo", "Egypt"}], "MaxTemperature", Tomorrow]
For dates in the past use WeatherData
WeatherData[Entity["City", {"Cairo", "Cairo", "Egypt"}], "MaxTemperature",
{{2021, 10, 1}, {2021, 10, 20}, "Day"}]