I am not an expert, however you can make Mathematica find the appropriate extension, and you can use ExpToTrig to convert the unusual powers:
Apart[Factor[1/(x^2 - 2), Extension -> (x /. Solve[x^2 - 2 == 0])]]
Apart[Factor[1/(x^4 + 1),
Extension -> (x /. Solve[x^4 + 1 == 0] // ExpToTrig)]]