I had a similar issue, Debian GNU/Linux. I resolved the problem by adding the R path:
Needs["RLink`"]
SetEnvironment["LD_LIBRARY_PATH" -> "/usr/lib/R/lib"]
InstallR["RHomeLocation" -> "/usr/lib/R"]
REvaluate["sample(1:100,10)"]
{1, 96, 85, 57, 48, 68, 58, 98, 94, 90}
I should point out that this invokes a version of R that I installed myself. It does not fix (directly) the issue with the version of R provided by the Wolfram download.