The concept you are missing is that you need to define a probability distribution. The PDF is not the same thing as the distribution itself. Basically, you describe a TruncatedDistribution of an ExponentialDistribution. So you could write this as follows. First, check that my assertion is correct.
PDF[TruncatedDistribution[{0, 1}, ExponentialDistribution[1]], x]
You will see that the PDF is basically some constant multiplied by Exp[-x].
So now life is easy. You can compute the Variance.
Variance[TruncatedDistribution[{0, 1}, ExponentialDistribution[1]]]
You can plot the CDF and PDF.
Plot[CDF[TruncatedDistribution[{0, 1}, ExponentialDistribution[1]],
x], {x, -1, 2}]
You could do this even if you did not recognize the distribution as a truncated exponential. The code below shows how. The key is to wrap up the computed PDF inside ProbabilityDistribution.
Variance[ProbabilityDistribution[
c Exp[-x] /.
First[Solve[Integrate[c Exp[-x], {x, 0, 1}] == 1, c]], {x, 0, 1}]]