Hi Benjamin,
Something like this?
ClearAll@x;
polys = Array[x^# &, 4]
(* {x, x^2, x^3, x^4} *)
orders = {0, 1, 1, 2};
derivs = MapThread[D[#1, {x, #2}] &, {polys, orders}]
(* {x, 2 x, 3 x^2, 12 x^2} *)
Not sure what you mean by "and the original polynomials, in one list"? Maybe
polysAndDerivs = MapThread[{#1, D[#1, {x, #2}]} &, {polys, orders}]
(* {{x, x}, {x^2, 2 x}, {x^3, 3 x^2}, {x^4, 12 x^2}} *)
Edit
Oops, I missed this bit "the derivative up to, and including, the derivative of order n"
derivList[f_, n_] := Table[D[f, {x, i}], {i, 0, n}];
MapThread[derivList[#1, #2] &, {polys, orders}]
(* {{x}, {x^2, 2 x}, {x^3, 3 x^2}, {x^4, 4 x^3, 12 x^2}} *)