Hi. I am Japanese and my surname is Kato, which is ranked as
10th popular surname.
Perhaps I could help in coding, but the model you cited
(geometric series, or, compound interest calculation)
is too simplistic to be real. If most people had surname Sato,
the percentage of Sato might still increase, but
the rate of growth would inevitably slow down. The model totally ignores this fact and percentage will go up over 100%!
Mathematically speaking, such hegemony / supremacy / dominance phenomena are best
described by Logistic differential equations.
This equation correctly incorporate such slowing-down effect due to saturation.
I don't know why the author of the paper used such
oversimplified model. My guess is that his real intention is not in the academic correctness, but to spark a debate on selective separate surnames for married couples, which is a hot political issues in Japan.