First of all, you have some misprints.
Please check if I fix them correctly.
Clear[f, a, c, \[Omega], Q, M];
a = 0.5;
c = 0.2;
\[Omega] = -3^(-1);
Q = 0.7;
M = 10;
f[r_, P_] :=
1. - (a*Q^4)/(20*r^6) + Q^2/r^2 - (2*M)/r + (8/3)*P*Pi*r^2 -
c*r^(-1 - 3*\[Omega]);
Next, I strongly recommend using NSolve
instead of Solve
in this case.
Equation
$f(r,P)=0$ has at least two solutions.
NSolve[f[r, 1.] == 0, r, Reals]
{{r -> -0.192412}, {r -> 1.30415}}
I guess r
it's a radius, so we're going for the positive.
But you can change that.
Finally, before plot a function it is desirable to define it separately.
Clear[fPlot];
fPlot[P_] :=
D[f[r, P], r]/(4*Pi) /.
First@ NSolve[f[r, P] == 0 && r > 0, r, Reals];
Plot[fPlot[P], {P, 0, 10}, PlotRange -> {0, 10}, PlotStyle -> Green,
AxesOrigin -> {0, 0}]
![enter image description here](https://community.wolfram.com//c/portal/getImageAttachment?filename=2645222.png&userId=2005873)