MathLink binaries are expected to be run from within the Wolfram Language Kernel (e.g. Mathematica), so you'll see the binaries looking for some of the libraries contained in the $InstallationDirectory. These MathLink examples are providing an interface for the kernel to run the C code. The proper way to use them is to load them within the Kernel with Install.

SetDirectory[$InstallationDirectory <>                                  
           "/SystemFiles/Links/MathLink/DeveloperKit/" <> $SystemID <>          
           "/PrebuiltExamples/"];
link = Install["addtwo"];
AddTwo[1,2]

You can read more about this process in the documentation for Install and our documentation on MathLink/WSTP.

In general, you don't want to be modifying the system library paths to load non-standard library directories. If you really wanted to run with the Wolfram Language's libraries, you could just start a binary like this:

LD_LIBARY_PATH=/opt/Wolfram/WolframEngine/10.0/SystemFiles/Libraries/Linux-ARM/:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH ./my_binary

Hi, the process is failing because it needs the uuid development libraries. You can install them with the following commands:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install uuid-dev

We'll update the installer to require this package.