Originally I wrote that the best I could come up with was
PropertyValue[wg, EdgeWeight] =!= Automatic
but I was not confident that this would work in every situation.
Perpahs some thought that this was nitpicking. It wasn't:
g = Graph[{}, {}];
PropertyValue[g, EdgeWeight]
(* $Failed *)
It does not work on the null graph.
So in case someone else wants to test if a graph is edge-weighted, let me rewise that to
WeightedGraphQ[wg] && PropertyValue[wg, EdgeWeight] =!= Automatic
(keeping in mind that &&
is short circuiting)
If anyone finds a problem with this variant, let me know.