Jim: I know what Ctrl-C is meant to do, I heavily rely on it every day and it is really annoying when that doesn't work, actually when it happens I have to restart Mathematica because without Ctrl-C, Ctrl-V and Ctrl-X working it is hardly possible to get any work done with it, at least for me..
Bruce: I don't think this is a configuration problem. The shortcuts do work alright within a new session, only after a while they become corrupted. And yes, I do reboot every day.
What I do use is a non-English Windows and a non-English keyboard, but I usually set the keyboard layout to English when I use Mathematica. My current suspicion is that this switching of keyboard language causes the problems. As long as I don't do that the keyboard shortcuts seem to work, but if I switch between the English and German keyboard layouts at some point the shortcuts get corrupted and the only way to get them working again is to restart Mathematica (no need to avoid the initialization). It still is only a suspicion but the switch of keyboard language seems to at least trigger that problem more frequently. I have now also seen states where only some of the shortcuts are corrupted but others work. And it is always the TemplateNotebook which opens instead of what the keyboard shortcut really was meant to do. Interestingly there seems to be no dedictated shortuct for opening a TemplateNotebook, but that's probably irrelevant.