Just speculation, in an attempt to get the conversation going. Both systems run Debian, so getting the wolfram-engine package to install shouldn't be a problem. I'm assuming that ARM v7 is backwards compatible (RPi uses v6). The biggest problem may be disk storage. On a 4GB SD card with the RPi, I ran into disk-full errors when trying to install on anything but a fresh Raspian image.

Do you have a BBB to play with or are you considering a purchase?

Well I'm certainly interested in learning if this works out, and if the better specs of BBB actually have a noticeable impact on Mathematica performance (I'm doubtful). Also, I know that the recommendation is 0.5 GB for Mathematica, I've run in to problems during install, suggesting that there's a fair amount of temporary files that make 4 GB a tight squeeze.

I was in a beta program where I was running Mathematica on my BeagleBone. The program has ended and I don't know the status of Mathematica on the Bone.

--Mark