You also get it a bit faster by wrapping the inner bit into an Evaluate:
myHairyStarfish[a_, plotpts_, thickness_, imagesize_] :=
ParametricPlot[
Evaluate[{Sum[(2/3)^k Sin[(3/2)^k t], {k, 0, a}],
Sum[(-(2/3))^k Cos[(3/2)^k t], {k, 0, a}]}], {t, 0, 2^(a + 1) Pi},
MaxRecursion -> 5, Axes -> False, PlotPoints -> plotpts,
PlotStyle -> {Thickness[thickness], Black},
PlotRange -> {{-2.5, 2.5}, {-2.5, 2.5}},
ImageSize -> {imagesize, Automatic}]
AbsoluteTiming[myHairyStarfish[11, 15000, 0.00004, 500]]
On my computer it goes from 5.75 secs to 2.94 secs.
Cheers,
Marco